I •$ *^> t^. I't V

'H il -i. .» t "■

w * *^ i^ %' -$ 'f # fe' #, * # r i; ^> i « ^i I- t *^ ^^ -t^ AJ^>-

■,. t. )l tH t t ^ » lf> *^ * r t # I' *. t !l il t t i^\ i: .*.>^* '' ir t 1/ > V ^' t li r t .1 # ri i '%: I %' * t. «r *: % u i^^ll.i.

t t t' 'W €' t'Mi. t^ «; «f ^ <j; m i' %' 1^ 1^- # * t ^' '» %i t^ *.• M

"^ ■^:.^- jrf- r^ A ^rt: - -ut. -«. .M^ 11.*.^ :*•.' ax- •^- A« »)*■ ««., .

tm « ^ t.vri: *' M rrt^ t ^"^^^ n um'M'.wi^ uwji^^^^-u

r..^j^.

. i,# ^ri fl i^ t^ if. f^ ^

vi. ■*-....•. ■*..

3iL i»-^ -^ . v": .. '*■: w., *;

# t f;t. ^:t •##.#. i .-.

, . M t, 1^ t, t, ti'l-. t: t .

- - -■ - §. %> ^ m 1^: t'.*' *^ ' /^ P $ ¥ # «; *

^'.^ ^ II 1' J^' i w^ f f ' i^ §^

# 'If W * *■ ^ i" ^ t ^ * W r t ... „ ,

»%»»»»*»*/■■*•■■*

f ^' %^"K

».»>

/ if r r *:. f; t, M^ I' ^: i^ %\ B^ m %. r i

1^ r f. it^ n <^ if I'll' j; i. w'li i^i s^ !■ i ii.l' i i' t^t,*

^.'^4,^ 0 » 1. f , t i ft I. 1 i f^t tl «fe^ m t # « ^* '* ^.W' .^,W,,t,^'^<^„

,'5^ •! -si *^'n tr 1^ f i. jR.^|. t .r t t i^«^ ^/t % % .% ft i f 1^^ t,*' i,. » ^

^r^ It H ■« *,, .„, :^. |, :|: |:. |. % %. % %.. f. ^ f ^ '^ . »^ *' 1^^ l^' I f^...^^% t t "t % ...

•'$. .H .H. H. H """ ";■. ' H. ■* ■!; '

' (=\*r'

o

V

u

4^

.Clc

V

o 1

/'

/ /

\

0 Y

o

tr>'.

y'^'.

^^■^l^^iy^.

'^-^^t^C''^-t\^^!^

^ :

}

^ ifc- -'-

r-v* viifv-V" ir h:^

-^ «» •-» ^ ♦ * > .t^

.4 .*

i,.i:

'•t^'**'¥- i

^f'f

*r»i

■^1^-

I « III 1 {.	%t *t ■?* tu	1
•* 1^; ■* •	■■« - ■ ^ «

tompilM, Am jnd Wrintn In

• «t' t- % % t. *-• i t *' ^^ "5^ * >■ '^

# * i-..^ « ^'- » r..r.t V t t ^ ,1

^' 1^ I?- i^*..>.*^ *:»„*■

i:

IBRARY OF ^ ^ '»=' UNIVERSAL HISTORY

■kirirtr

MMMMM

•*-<?-»^ ♦*

CONTAINING A RECORD OF THE HUMAN RACE FROM THE EARLIEST HISTORICAL PERIOD TO THE PRES- ENT TIME B ^ ^ ^ ^ Bi EMBRACING A GENERAL SURVEY OF THE PROGRESS OF MANKIND IN NATIONAL AND SOCIAL LIFE, CIVIL GOVERNMENT, RELIGION, LITERA- TURE, SCIENCE AND ART ^ ^ ^

COMPLETE IN EIGHT yOLUMES

.^:.«.r.-:^ ISRAEL SMITH CLARE

Author of " ILLUSTRATED UNIVERSAL HISTORY,' and "COMPLEIE HISTORICAL COMPENDIUM'

REVIEWED, VERIFIED AND ENDORSED BY THE PROFESSORS OF HISTORY IN FIVE AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES, WITH AN INTRO- DUCTION ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF HISTORICAL STUDY

BY

MOSES COIT TYLER, A.M., L.H.D.

Professor ok American History in Cornell University.

'NOT TO KNOW WHAT HAPPENED BEFORE WE WERE BORN IS TO REMAIN ALWAYS A CHILD; FOR WHAT WERE THE LIFE OF MAN DID WE NOT COMBINE PRESENT EVENTS WITH THE RECOLLECTIONS OF PAST AGES ;"—C;C£RO

Vol. IV. — McdicBval History.

Illustrated With Maps, Portraits and Views

NEW YORK R. S. PEALE J. A.

1897

HILL

Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1SS9,

By ISRAEL SMITH CLARE, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.

Entered according to Act of Congress in tlie year 1S93,

By ISRAEL SMITH CLARE, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.

Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1S96,

By ISRAEL SMITH CLARE, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.

Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1S97,

By ISRAEL SMITH CLARE, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.

5_ TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Part ii— iviedi^eval History-— Vol. i\'.

CHAPTER I. THE DARK AGES.

SECTION I. Character of Medieval History,

179

New Races in Europe. — Mediaeval and Modern History. — The Dark Ages. — The Middle Ages. — CharaAer of the Mediaeval Period.

SECTION II.

TiiK Nkvv Races in Europe, 1180-1185

Tlie Arj'an Races in Europe. — Greeks and Lat- ins.— Celts, Teutons and Slavonians. — Civilization of the Barbarians by the Romans. — The Amalga- mation of the Latin and Teutonic Races. — Visi- goths.— Sueves. — Heruli. — Vandals. — Burgundi- aus. — Lombards. — .'Memanni. — Thuringians. — Franks. — Saxons. — Northmen. — Turanian Races in Europe. — Laps, Fins and Basques. — Avars, Bul- garians and Hungarians. — Mongols and Ottoman Turks. — Semitic Races. — Saracens and Moors. — Rise of Modern Languages.

SECTION III.

The Visigothic Kingdom in Spain, . 1186-1190

Migration of the Visigoths to Spain.— .\dolphus. — Sigeric. — Wallia. ;— Theodoric \. — Thorsimund. — Theodoric 11. — Euric. — Alaric II. — Gensaleic. — Theodoric the Ostrogoth. — .\malaric. — Theudis. — Theudisdel. — .\gilan. — Athauagild. — Leuva I. — Leovigild. — Recared I. — Leuva II. — Witeric. — Gundemar. — Sisebert. — Recared II. — Swintila. — Sisenand. — Chiutila. — Tulga. — Chindaswind. — Re- ceswind. — Wamba. — Ervigius. — Egica. — -Witiza. — Roderic. — Saracen Conquest of Spain.

SECTION IV.

The O.strogothic Kingdom in Italy, 1190-1194

Italy under Odoacer. — Ostrogothic Conquest of Italy. — Theodoric. — .\thalaric. — Theodatus. — Viti- ges. — Wars with the Ea.steru Empire. — Invasion of Italy by Belisarius. — .Siege of Rome by Vitiges. — Capture of Ravenna by Belisarius. — Totila. — His Capture of Rome. — Belisarius in Italy. — To- tila's Second Capture of Rome. — Victories of Nar- ses in Italy. — Teias. — His Defeat and Death. — Ger- man Invasion of Italy. — Italy Annexed to the Eastern Empire. — The Exarchs of Ravenna.

SECTION V. The Lombard Kingdom in Italy,

. 1194-1198

The Lombard Migration to the Danube. — Au- doin. — .Mboin. — I,ombard Migration to Italy. — Clcph. — .\utharis. — .-^gilulf. — The Iron Crown of Lombardy. — .\daluald. — .Xriuald. — Rotharis. —

fiii)

Roduald. — Aribert I. — Berlharit and Godebert. — Grimvald. — Bertharit. — Cunibert. — Luitbert. — Ra- gimbert. — Aribert II. — .\nsprand. — Luidpraud. — Wars with the Exarchs of Ravenna and with the Pope. — Hildebrand. — Rachis. — Astolph. — War with the Pope and Pepin the Little, King of the Franks. — Pepin's Invasion of Italy. — Beginning of the Pope's Temporal Power. — Desiderius. — Con- quest of the Lombard Kingdom by Charlemagne.

SECTION VI.

The Franks IN Gaul 1198-1206

Wars of the Franks with the Romans in Gaul.— Ripuarian Franks. — .Salian F'ranks.— Pharamond. — Clodian. — Meroveus. — Childeric. — Clovis. — His Conquest of Northern Gaul. —His Christian Wife Clotilda. — His ViClory over the Alemauni in the Battle of Ziilpich. — His Conversion to Christianity. — His Alliance with the Church. — His Conquest of the Bretons of Armorica. — His Viftory over the Burgundians. — His Victory over the Visigoths near Poitiers. — His Repulse at Aries. — His .Annex- ation of Aquitaine.— Embassy from the Eastern Emperor Anastasius to Clovis. — Extent of the Frank Kingdom. — Characfler of the Govemmeut of Clovis.— His Religion. — His Codes of Laws. — Murders of Other prankish Kings. — Death of Clo- vis.— His Sons and Successors. — Theodoric. — Clo- domir.— Childebert.— Clotaire. — Their Quarrels.— War with the Burgundians. — Clotilda.— Murder of her Sons by Clotaire.— Theodebert.— War with the Visigoths of Spain. — Theodebert's Conquest of Northern Italy. — Theodebald. — Chramnc War with the Bretons.— Clotaire's Four Sons. — Chari- bert, Gontram, Chilperic, Sigebert.— Quarrels and Crimes of Bmneh.aut and Fredegonda. —Childe- bert II.— Clotaire II.— Dagobert I.— His Canoniza- tion.— His Successors, Rois-Fain^ants. — Mayors of the Palace.— Pepin d' Heristal.— His Successes over the Other German Tribes.— Conversion of the Germans to Christianity.— Plectrude and Dago- bert III.— Ch.^rles Martel.— His Victories over the Saxons, Frisians and Burgundians. — His Great Viiflorv over the Saracens at Tours —Its Results.— Carloman and Pepin the Little.— Chilperic III.— St. Boniface, or Winfried.— Carloman's Retire- ment.—Deposition of Chilperic HI., the Last Me- rovingian King, by Pepin the Little, who thus Founded the Carlovingian Dynasty.

SECTION VII. The .Angles and Saxons in Britain, 1206-1218

Britain under the Romans.— The Scots and PiAs. —Their Inroads.— Helplessness of the Britons.— Migration of the Angles and Saxons to Britain.— Their Conquest of Britain.- The Anglo-Saxon

mmm^

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Heptarchy.— The Three Saxon Kiugdoins.— The Three Augle King<loms. — Anglo-Saxon Relig- ion.— Origin of the Names of the Days of the Week. — The Names of the Months. — Anglo-Saxon Government. — Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity.— The Monk Austin, or Augustine. — Wars Among the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms in Britain. — Founding of the Kingdom of England by Egbert. — Condition of the Anglo-Saxons. — The Monasteries. — The Venerable Bede. — Caedmon the Poet.— The Irish Missionaries.— Gildas the Wise. — TheWiteuagemote. — Counties, or Shires. — Earls and Aldermen.— Sheriffs. — Earls, Thanes, Churls and Serfs. — Household Serfs and Villains. — Offi- cers of the King's Household. — Criminal Laws of the Auglo-Saxons. — Modes of Trial. — The Ordeal. — Table of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. — Tables of the Sovereigns of the Barbarian Monarchies.

SECTION VIII.

The Eastern Roman Empire 1219-1242

The Eastern Empire under Arcadius. — Theodo- sius II. — Invasion of the Empire by the Huns. — The Empress Pulcheria. — Marcian. — Leo I. — Zeno. ^Anastasius I. — Justin I. — Accession of Justiniau. — War with Persia. — Fadtions at Constantinople. — The Nika Riots. — Conquest of the Vandal King- dom in Africa by Belisarius. — Wars with the Ostro- goths in Italy. — Conquest of the Ostrogoths by Belisarius. — Belisarius Sent against the New Per- sians.— Justinian's I'ngrateful Treatment of Beli- sarius.— The Long War War between the Eastern Roman and New Persian Empires. — Revolts in Africa and Italy. — The Revolt of the Ostrogoths in Italy. — Vicflories of Belisarius over the Ostro- goths.— Recall of Belisarius. — Conquest of the Ostrogoths by Narses. — The Exarchate of Ravenna. — The Gepidffiand the Lombards. — Slavonians and Bulgarians. — .Vvars and Turks — Victories of Bel- isarius over the Bulgarians and Slavonians. — ^Jus- tinian's Ingratitude to Belisarius. — Cathedral of St. Sophia. — Rampart of Gog and Magog. — The Civil Law.— Silk Manufaifture. -Justin II.— Tibe- rius.— Maurice. — War with the Franks. — War with Persia. — Phocas. — Heraclius. — War with Persia. — Persian Conquest of Syria, Palestine and Egypt. — Persian Invasion of Asia Minor. — Victories of Heraclius in Persia. — Saracen Conquest of Syria and Palestine. — Constantine III. and Heracle- onas. — Constans II. — Constantine IV. — First Siege of Constantinople by the Saracens — Justinian II.^Leontius and Absimarus. — Justiniau II. Re- stored.—Philippicus.—Anastasius II. — Theodosius III. — Leo III., the Isaurian. — Iconoduli and Icon- oclasts.— War of Iconoclasm. — Constantine V., Copronymus. — His Persecution of the Iconoduli. — Leo IV. — Constantine VI. — Irene. — Nicephorus. — Stauracius. — Michael I. — Leo V., the Armenian. — Bulgarian Ravages. — Michael II., the Arniorian. — Theophilus.— Michael III., the Drunkard.— End of the Iconoclastic War.— Separation of the Greek and Roman Catholic Churches. — Basil I. — His Vidlories over the .Saracens. — The Basilica — Leo VI., the Philosopher, and Alexander.— Constantine VII., Poqjhyrogenitus.— Romanus I., Lcucapenus. — Christopher. — Stephen. — Constantine VHI. — Constantine VII. Restored. — Romanus II. — Ni- cephorus II., Phocas. — ^John I.,Zimisces. — His\'icto- ties over the Saracens and the Russians. — Basil II. and Constantine IX. — War with the Bulgarians. — Romanus III. and .iVrgyropulus. — Michael IV., the Paphlagonian. — Michael V., CalAphates. — Con- stantine X., Monomachus and Zoc. — Theodora and Michael VI., Stratiotes. — Isaac Comnenus. — Con-

stantine XI. — Eudocia. — Romanus IV., Diogenes. — His Defeat and Capture by the Seljuk Turks. — His Release and Dethronement. — Michael VII., Pa- rapinaces. — Nicephorus III. — A Large part of Asia Minor Ceded to the Seljuk Turks. — Alexis I., Com- nenus. — Calamities of the Empire. — Empire of the Seljuk Turks. —The First Crusade.— John II.— Manuel I. — Wars with the Seljuk Turks, the Hun- garians, and the Normans of Sicily. — Decline of the Eastern Empire. — Adventures of Andronicus. — Alexis II. — Andronicus. — His Cruelty. — Isaac An- gelus. — Fate of Andronicus. — Alexis HI.— Rival Claimants. — Decline of the Eastern Empire. — Its Reduced Dominions.

SECTION IX.

New Persian Empire of the Sassan-

iD,E 1242-1348

Victories of .\rsaces XXX., the Last Parthian King, over the Romans. — Condition of Persia under the Parthian Dominion. — Revolt of the Per- sians under Artaxerxes. — Defeat and Death of Ar- saces XXX. of Parthia at Hormuz. — End of the Parthian Empire. — Founding of the New Per- sian Empire of the Sassanidae. — Restoration of Zoroastrianism and the Magi. — Extension of the New Persian Empire. — Maxims of Artaxerxes I. — His Zeal for Zoroastrianism. — His War with Chos- roes of Armenia. — His War with the Romans. — Renewal of the War with Armenia. — Government of Artaxerxes I. — His Dying Speech. — Revival of Persian Art. — Sculptures of Artaxerxes I. — Coins. — Bas-Reliefs. — Zoroastrianism and Magism. — Relig- ious Reforms of Artaxerxes I. — Publication of the Zend-Avesta. — Powers Conferred on the Magi. — Sapor I. — War with Hatra. — War with Rome. — Captivity of the Roman Emperor Valerian. — Sapor's Ravages in Syria and Asia Minor. — His War with Odenatus of Palmyra. — Sapor's Great Works. — Bas-Reliefs and Rock-Inscrip- tions.— Great Dyke at Shuster. — Sapor's Coins. — Revival of Zoroastrianism. — Manis, or Manes, and his Religion. — His Ertang. — Charadler of Sapor I. — Chara<Ster of his Successors. — Hor- misdas I. — Varahran I. — His Persecution of the Manichaeans and the Christians. — His Alliance with Zenobia of Palmyra. — His Wars in the East. — War with the Romans. ^Varahan III. — Civil War between Narses and Hormisdas. — Triumph of Narses. — His War with Tiridates of Armenia. — His War with the Romans. — Hormisdas II. — His Chara<5ler and Works. — His Court of Justice. — Afghan Civilization. — Anecdote of Prince Hormis- das.— His Murder by the Nobles. — Sapor II. Pro- claimed King before his Birth, — His Lifelong Reign of Seventy Years.— His Viiflories over the Neighboring Nations.— His Cruelties. — His Cruel Persecution of his Christian Subjecfls. — His War with the Romans. — Civil and Religious War in Ar- menia.— Renewal of the War with Rome. — First Siege of Nisibis. — Armenian Affairs. — Second Siege of Nisibis.— Battle of Singara.— Third Siege of Nisibis.— Invasion of Persia by the Massagetse. — Alliance of Rome and Armenia. — Eastern Wars of Sapor II. — Peace Negotiations between Persia and Rome.— Renewal of Hostilities.— Siege and Capture of Amida by the New Persians.— Of Sin- gara.—Of Bezabde.— Sapor's Repulse at Virta.— Roman Repulse at Bezabde.— Invasion of the New Persian Empire by the Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate.— Capture of Anathan.— Siege and Capture of Perisabor. — Of Maogamalcha. — Julian's March to Coche.— His Vidory There.— His Sud- den Retreat.— Sapor's Pursuit— Battle of Maranga. —Battle of Samarah and Death of Julian the Apos-

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

tate. — Continued Retreat of the Romans. — Peace of Dura. — Triumph of Sapor II. — Hostile Attitude of Armenia toward R(mie. — Arsaces, King of Ar- menia, Seized and Blinded by Sapor II. — Armenian Resistance to Sapor II. — Sapor's Conquest of Iberia. — His Siege and Capture of Artogerassa. — Ar- menia's Patriotic Stand. — Division of Iberia. — War with the Roman Emperor Valeus. — Death of Sa- por II. — His Coins. — Artaxer.xes II. — His Amiable Character. — Armenia Made Tributary to Persia. — War between Persia and Armenia. — Sapor III. — Division of Armenia between Rome and Persia. — Sculptured Memorial of Sapor III. at Kerman- shah. — Coins of Artaxerxes II. and Sapor III. — Charadler of Sapor III. — Varahran IV. — Revolt of Chosroes of .Armenia. — His Imprisonment and Deposition. — Character of Varahran IV. — Isdigerd I. — His Character and Peaceful Reign. — His Guardianship of the Roman Prince Theodosius. — His Successive Persecutions of the Christians and the Magians. — Isdigerd's Persecution of the Ar- menians.— Coins of Isdigerd I. — His Charadler. — Legend Concerning his Death. — Disputed Succes- sion.— Varahran V. — His Persecution of the Chris- tians.— War with the Eastern Roman Empire. — ■ Siege of Theodosiopolis. — A Single Combat. — Peace. — His Conciliatory Policy toward Armenia. — Religious War in Armenia. — Persarmenia Ab- sorbed by Persia. — Beginning of Wars with the Ephthalites. — Defeats of the Ephthalites. — Peace. — Coins of Varahran V. — His CharaAer. —His Death.— Isdigerd II.— Short War with the Eastern Roman Empire. — War with the Ephtha- lites.— Forcible Effort to Force Zoroastrianism on the Armenians. — Revolt of the Armenians and Iberians.— War with the Ephthalites. — Coins of Isdigerd II. — His Character. — Hormisdas III. — His IJsurpation and Overthrow. — Perozes. — War with Albania. — Era of Prosperity. — Drought and Failure of Crops. — Efficient Measures of Pe- rozes.— Wars with the Ephthalites. — Persecution of the Armenian Christians. — Armenian Revolt. — War with the Ephthalites. — Death of Perozes. — His Character. — His Coins. — Balas. — Peace with the Ephthalites. — Pacification of Armenia. — Char- adler of Balas.— His Coins. — Kobad's First Reign. — War with the Khazars. — Mazdak and his Relig- ious Movemeut. — Kobad's Conversion to the New Religion. — Disorders. — Deposition of Kobad. — Zamasp. — His Overthrow. — His Coins. — Kobad's Second Reign. — Mazdakism Checked. — War with the Eastern Roman Empire. — Siege and Cap- ture of Amida by the New Persians. — Peace. — War with the Ephthalites.— Kobad's Four Sons. — Plot of the Mazdakites. — Massacre of the Mazdak- ites. — Persecution of the Christians of Iberia. — Iberian Revolt. — Its Suppression bj' the New I'er- sians. — War with the Eastern Roman Empire. — First Campaigns of Belisarius. — Persian Alliance with Alamandarus. — Kobad's Death. — His Char- adler. — His Coins. — Khosrou Nushirs-au. — Opposi- tion to His Accession. — His Cruel Persecution of the Mazdakites. — The "Endless Peace." — Re- newal of the War with the Eastern Roman Em- pire.— Khosrou Nushirvau's Invasion of Syria.— His Siege anc' Capture of Antioch. — Peace with the Romans. — Khor.'ou's Spoils. — Renewal of the War with the Eastern Roman Empire. — Khos- rou's New City of Autioch, on the Tigris.— Revolt of Lazica against the Romans. — It Becomes a Per- sian Pro\-ince. — Campaigns of Belisarius and Khos- rou Nushirvan. — Five Years' Truce. — Revolt of Lazica against the New Persians. — It again Be- comes a Roman Pro\-ince. — The Lazic War. — Sieges of Petra. — Its Capture bj- the Romans. — Second Five Years' Truce. — Continuance of the

Lazic War. — Alienation of Lazica from the Ro- mans.— Renewal of its Alliance with the Ro- mans. — Siege of Phasis. — Defeat of the New Persians. — Third Five Years' Truce. — Peace with the Romans. — Khosrou Nushirvau's War with the Ephthalites. — Abyssinian Conquest of Arabia Fe- lix, or Yemen. — New Persian Conquest of Yemen. — Khosrou Nushirvau's Wars with the Turks. — Dizabul, the Turkish Khan. — His Alliance with the Eastern Roman Empire. — Renewal of the War between the New Persian and Eastern Roman Empires. — Persian Invasion of Syria. — Khosrou Nushirvau's Siege and Capture of Daras. — A Year's Truce. — Three Years' Truce. — Renewal of the War. — Negotiations. — Death of Khosrou Nushirvan. —His Vigorous Administration.— His Reforms. — His Patronage of Science and Learn- ing.— His Toleration of Christianity. — His Un- happy Domestic Relations. — His Character. — His Coins. — Hormisdas IV. — His Wars with the East- ern Roman Empire. — His Tyranny. — Invasions of the New Persian Empire by the Arabs, Khazars and Turks.— -Bahram's ViAory over the Turks. — His Defeat by the Romans. — His Quarrel with his King. — His Revolt.— Overthrow and Murder of Hormisdas IV. — His Character. — His Coins. — Khosrou Parviz. — His Difficult Situation. — Bah- ram's Threatening Attitude. — Flight of Khosrou Par\-iz to the Romans. — He is Aided by the East- ern Roman Emperor Maurice. — Bahram's Short Reign. — Bahram's Viftorv. — His Defeat. — His Flight to the Turks. — His Coins. — Second Reign of Khosrou Parviz. — His Situation at his Restoration. — Fate of his Uncles. — Of Bah- ram. — His Partial Conversion to Christianity. — His Christian Wife, Shirin. — His Immense Harem. — His Wars with the Ephthalites and Turks. — His Friendly Relations with the Emperor Maurice. — His War with the Eastern Roman Emperors Pho- cas and Heraclius. — Persian Invasion and Conquest of Syria. — Capture of Antioch, Damascus and Je- rusalem.— Massacre of Jerusalem. — The "True Cross" Carried to Ctesiphon. — Persian Invasion and Conquest of Egypt. — Capture of Alexandria. — Persian Invasion of Asia Minor. — Siege and Capture of Chalcedou and Ancyra. — Conquest of the Island of Rhodes. — Great Extent of the New Per.sian Empire. — Approach of the Avars to Con- stantinople.— Desperate Straits of the Emperor Heraclius. — His Intended Flight to Carthage Pre- vented by the Populace of Constantinople. — His Desperate Resolution. — His Invasion of Persia. — His Victories in Persia. — The Persians Defeated in Asia Minor. — Attack of the .Avars on Constanti- nople Repulsed. — Continued Victories of Heraclius in Persia. — He Plunders the Persian Palaces. — His Retreat. — Tyranny and Cruelty of Khosrou Parviz. — His Overthrow and Murder by his Son and Suc- cessor, Siroes. — Character of Khosrou Parviz. — His Splendid Palaces. — His Vast Number of Animals. — His Nine .Seals of OflRce. — His Moral Defedls. — His Esteem for his Christian Wife. — His Coins. — Siroes. — Peace with the Eastern Roman Empire. — Popularity of Siroes at his Accession. — His Mas- sacre of his Brothers and Half Brothers. — His Re- morse and Death. — His Coins. — Artaxerxes III. — Revolt of Shahr-Barz. — His Alliance with Hera- clius.— His Usurpation of the Persian Throne. — His Overthrow and Murder by his Troops. — Pu- randocht. — Azemiidocht. — Insignificant Kings. — Isdigerd III. — Mohammed and the Arabs. — The Mohammedan Conquest of Persia. — Flight and Assassination of Isdigerd III. — Persia under the Saracen Dominion. — Character of Isdigerd III. — His Coins. — New Persian Civilization. — .Archi- tecture.— Palaces of Khosrou Parviz. — Statue of

VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Sapor I.— Bas-Reliefs of Sapor I.— Other Bas- Reliefs. — Bas-Reliefs of Khosrou Nushir\ati. — Of Khosrou I'arviz. — Zoroastrianism and Wagism under the New Persians. — The Maj;i.— Court of the Sassauidte. — Seven Ranks of Courtiers. — The Royal Harem.— The Great Officials.— Perscpolis, the Early Capital.— Ctcsiphou. the Later Capital. — Dastag'herd.— Costume of the Sassanida;.— Their Armor.— Their Pastimes. — Hunting. — Musical In- struments. — New Persian Warfare. — Elephant Corps. — Cavalry. — Archers. — Ordinary Infantry. — Great National Standard.- The Higher Classes.— All Classes Free from Oppression, Except the Highest. — Justice Honestly Administered. — The King's Tribunal. — The Highest Class Oppressed. — Table of the Kings of Persia.

SECTION X.

ISL.\M's Rise and the Sar.\cen Em- pire, 1348-1420

Geography of Arabia. — Shiekhs. — The Arabs a Semiti^ Race. — Their Nomadic Charafter. — The Horse and Camel. — Arabia Before Mohammed. — Cities. — Commerce. — The Kaaba. — Mecca. — Its Antiquity. — Yatreb, or Medina. — Literature. — Sci- ence.— .\ucient Arabian Religions. — Mohammed. — His Birth. — His Descent. — His Youth. — Omens. — His Caravan Journeys. — His IMarriage with Kadi- jah. — His Religious Meditation. — Visions of An- gels.— Revelations. — Mohammed's First Converts. — His Relatives and Protectors. — The Cardinal Doctrine of his Creed. — His Adopted Children. — His Early Proselytes. — .\li. — Abu Taleb. — Abu Bekr. — Mohammed's Open Avowal of his Mission. — His Slow Progress at First. — Opposition of the Koreish. — Conversion of the Koreish. — Persecu- tion of Mohammed's Followers. — Omar's Conver- sion.— The Hashamites. — Mohammed's Mission to Taif. — His Faith. — Mohammed's Preaching. — Pil- grims from Yatreb. — Mohammed's Celebrated Dream. — The Hegira. — Mohammed's Progress. — His Degeneracy. — The Holy War. — Battle of Bedr. • — Battle of Ohud. — Mohammed's Fanaticism. — Persecution of Jews. — Battles with Syrianij, Jews and the Koreish. — Mohammed's Capture of Mecca. — His Letters to the Emperor Heraclius of Con- stantinople and King Khosrou Parviz of Persia. — Mohammed's Conquest of Arabia. — Spread of Islam. — Mohammed's First Foreign War. — Invasion of Syria. — Forced Entrance into Mecca. — Conversion of the Meccans. — Mohammed the Ruling Sover- eign of Arabia. — The Year of Embassies.— Moham- med's Household. — His Last Days. — His Death. — Grief of his Followers. — His Character. — The Koran. — Its Teachings. — Its Descriptions of the Resurrciftion, the Judgment, Hell and Paradise. — Abn Bekr, the First Khalif. — Khaled, the Sword of God. — Moslem Zeal. — Saracen Invasion of the Eastern Roman and the New Persian Empires. — CoiUjuest of Hira and Oholla by Khaled. — Abu Obeid.ih's Invasion of Syria. — Arab Victories. — Capture of Bosrah.— Battles of Aiznadin and Yer- mnk. — Capture of Damascus. — Death of Abu Bekr. —His Charafter.— Omar, the Next Khalif— His Simple Life. — Capture of Emesa and Baalbec. — Siege and Capture of Jerusalem.— Omar's Entry into Jerusalem. — Capture of Aleppo and Antioch. — Conquest of Syria.— Renewal of Hostilities with the New Persians.— Arab Victories in Irak. — Abu Obeidah's Defeat and Death.— Battle of Ivl Boweib. — Arab Demands Rejected by Isdit^erd III. — Battle of Cadesia. — Great Persian Defeat. — Flight of Is-

digerd HI, — Capture of Ctesiplion by theAraKs.

Their Spoils of Conquest. — Battle of Jalula. — Con- tinued Flight of Isdigerd HI. — More Arab Vidlo-

ries. — Conquest of Persian Provinces. — Recall of Sa'ad. — Battle of Nehavend. — End of the New Persian Empire. — Assassination of Isdigerd III. — Blohammedau Persecution of the Magi. — Am- ru's Invasion of Egj'pt. — Capture of Pelusium, Memphis and Alexandria. — Destrucflion of the Alexandrian Library. — Conquest of Egypt. — Assas- sination of Omar. — His Character. — Othman, the Third Khalif.— Saracen Invasion of Asia Minor and Armenia. — Conquest of Cyprus and Rhodes. — Civil War. — Assassination of Othman. — Ali, the F'ourth Khalif. — Revolts against him. — Battle of Khoraiba. — Moawiyah's Revolt. — His Usurpation of the Khalifate. — Sunuites and Shyites. — Renewal of the Civil War. — Assassination of Ali. — His Char- a(5ler. — Moawiyah, the F'irst of the Ommiyades. — Damascus Made the Saracen Capital. — Internal Tranquillity Restored. — Invasion of North Africa. — Founding of Kairwan. — First Siege of Constanti- nople by the Saracens. — Greek F'ire. — The Khalif Yezid. — Hossein's Revolt. — His Overthrow and Death. — The Day of Hossein. — Extension of the Saracen Dominion and of Islam. — Saracen Con- quest of North Africa. — Conversion of the Moors. — Saracen Invasiou of Spain. — Battle of Xeres de la Froutera.— Conquest of Spain. — Spain Becomes Arab. — Second Siege of Constantinople by the Saracens. — Saracen Invasion of France. — Battle of Tours. — Results of the Saracen Defeat. — Spain under the Saracen Dominion. — Great Extent of the Saracen Empire. — The Khalif's Habits. — Saracen Energy. — The Khalifs and the People. — Overthrow of the Ommiyades. — Accession of the Abbassides. — Abul Abbas al Saffah. — Massacre of the Ommi- 3'ades. — Separation of Spain from the Khalifate. — Al Mansur. — Bagdad Founded and Made the Sara- cen Capital. — Splendor of the Court of the Kha- lifs at Bagdad. — Al Mohdi. — Musa. — Haroun al Raschid. — His Great Reigu. — His Invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire. — Yahia, the Grand Vizier. — His Sons. — Massacre of the Barmecides. — Splen- dor of Haroun al Raschad's Reign. — His Death. — Al Mamoun and Al Amin. — Civil War and Over- throw of Al Amin. — Al Mamoun's Brilliant Reign. — His Patronage of Literature. — Conquest of Crete. — Saracen Invasions of Sicily. — Saracen Rav- ages on the Italian Coast. — Saracen Progress in Science and Literature. — Influence of Saracen Civilization on Christian Europe. — College at Bag- dad.— Mohammedan Colleges and Libraries. — As- tronomy.— Medicine. — Chemistrj-. — Translations from Greek Writers. — Philosophy. — Astrology. — The Arabian Nights. — Arts and Manufactures. — Architecture.— Rebellions, Civil Wars and Relig- ious Dissensions. — Al Jlotassem. — Al Moktador. — • Decline of the Saracen Empire. — The Khalifs of Bagdad and Cordova. — Mohammedan Seels.— The Two Khalifates. — Dismemberment of the Khalif- ates. — The New Mohammedan Kingdoms. — Turkish Mercenaries. — Ascendency of the Turks. — Decay of the Khalifate of Bagda'd. — Mohamme- dan Spain. — Egypt under Saracen Dominion. — New Arab Kingdom in North Africa. — The Khalif- ate of Cairo.— The Three Khalifates.— The Sel- juk Turks.— End of the Khalifate of Bagdad.— Great Characters. — Tabari and Magondi. — Aver- rhoes. — Achmet. — Geber. — A\-icenna. — Abulfeda. —Table of the Saracen Khalifs.

SECTION XI.

The Saracen Kingdom of Cordova, i4-'i-i43o

Spain after the Saracen Conquest. — Introduction of Arabian Customs and Manners. — The Emirs under the Ommiyades. — Condition of Spain. —

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

vn

Spain Becomes Independent under Abderrahman I. — Beginning of the Kingdom of Cordova. — Reign of Abderrabnian I. — His Great Works. — The Great Mosque at Cordova. — Transplanting of the Palm-Tree. — The Christian Kingdom of Astu- rias. — Character of Abderrahman I. — Hixem the Good. — Alhakem the Cruel. — The Spauish March. — Character of Alhakem the Cruel. — His Expen- sive Guard. — Rebellion. — Its Cruel Suppression. — Alhakem's Remorse. — .\bderrahmau II. — Spain Ravaged by the Northmen. — Mohammed I. — .\1- mondhir. — Abdalla. — .\bderrahman III., the First Khalifof Cordova. — His Extermination of Rebels. — Conquest of the African Kingdom of Fez. — Cul- tivation of the Arts of Peace. — Character of Ab- derrahman III. — The Palace and City of Azhara. — Sublime Justice of .Abderrahman III. — His Brill- iant Reign. — Wealth, Power and Prosperity of the Khalifate of Cordova. — ManufaAures. — Agri- culture.— Conmierce. — Palaces and Gardens. — Li- braries and Academies. — Science and Literature. — The Physicians of Cordova. — Alhakem II. — His Character. — His Fondness for Literature. — His Li- brary.— Hixem II. — The Regent Al Mausur.^ Weak Character of Hixem II. — Rivals and Usurp- ers.— Dismemberment of the Khalifate of Cor- dova.— Hixem III., the Last Khalif of Cordova. — His Character. — Revolts. — His Forced Abdication. — End of the Dynasty of the Ommiyades and of the Khalifate of Cordova. — Cause of Its Ruin. — Spain During the Xe.xt Two Centuries. — The Al- moraviiles and the Almohades. — Petty Moham- medan Kingdoms in Spain. — Extent of the King- dom of Cordova. — Intermarriages of Moors and Christian Spaniards. — Jloorish Agriculture and Manufactures. — Splendor of Cordova. — Its Beauti- ful Gardens. — Moorish Manners and Customs. — Dress. — Women. — Moorish Government. — Treat- ment of Christians and Jews.

SECTION xri.

Egypt Under the F.\timites . . . 1430-1432 Rise of the Arab Kingdom of the Fatimites in Northern Africa under Mohammed al Mehdi. — Conquest of Egypt by Muezzedin. — Cairo Founded. — The Fatimite Khalifs. — Al Hakem. — His Perse- cution of the Jews and the Christians. — His New Religion. — Persecution of Mohammedans. — Al Hakem's Crueltv and T3-rannv. — .Assassination of Al Hakem.— Flight of Hamza.— The Sect of the Druses in Syria.^ — Weakness of the Later Fatimite Khalifs. — Their Grand Viziers. — .Adhed. — Contests for Power. — The Grand ^^izier Shiracouh. — Saladin. — End of the Fatimite Khalifate. — Saladin Be- comes Sultan of Egypt and Syria. — Dismember- ment of bis Dominions after his Death. — Malek Sala and the Mamelukes. — Egypt under the Mamelukes.

SECTION XIII.

The W E.STERx Empire Re.stored, . 1432-1452

Pepii) tbe Little, the First Carlovingian King of the Franks. — His Compact with Pope Zachary. — The Pope and the Prankish Sovereign. — Pepin's Aid to the Po{)es against the Lombards. — St. Boni- face, or Winfried. — Conversion of the Germans. — Pepin's Wars with the Saracens in the South. — His Redu<5tion of Aquitaine. — His Death. — Charles and Carloman. — Their Jlutual Jealousy. — Carloman's Death. — Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, Sole Sovereign of tbe Franks. — Charlamagne's Charac- ter.— His Greatness. — .Attitude of the Ix)nibard King Desiderius. — Charlemagne's First War with the Saxous. — His Conquest of the Lombard King-

dom in Northern Italy. — His Second War with the Saxous. — His War with the Saracens of Spain. — Battle of Roncesvalles and Death of Roland. — The Spauish March. — Charlemagne's Third and P'ourth Wars with the Saxons. — Margravate of Branden- burg.— Thassilo, Duke of Bavaria. — ^The Eastern Margravate. — Charlemagne's Conquest of the Avars —His Second Marriage.— Plot against Charlemagne. — Charlemagne Crowned at Rome, as Emperor of the West. — Separation of the Greek and Roman Catholic Churches. — Charlemagne's Treaty with the Eastern Emperor Nicephorus I. — Revolt of the Saxons. — Their P'inal Conquest by Charlemagne. — Beginning of the Ravages of the Northmen. — Ex- tent of Charlemagne's Empire. — His Capital, Aix la Chapelle. — Organization of his Empire. — Exten- sion of Christianity and Revival of Civilization. — Charlemagne's Government. — His Capitularies or Laws. — Dukes and Counts. — The Marks on the Borders of Germany. — Brandenburg, Austria, and Cariuthia. — Administration of Justice. — Missi Do- minici. — Charlemagne's Friendship for the Church. — His Efforts to Improve the Jloralsof the Clergy. — His Fondness for Learning and Learned Men. — His Encouragement of the .Arts, .Agriculture, Com- merce and Literature. — His Studious Habits. — The .Anglo-Saxon Monk, .Alcuin. — Charlemagne's Sys- tem of Education. — Monastic Schools. — Charle- magne's Personal .Appearance. — His Simple Habits. — His German Character. — His Private CharacSter. —His Will.— His Eldest Son's Death.— Charle- magne's Last Days. — His Death. — His Tomb. — End of the Carlovingian Glory. — Louis le Debon- naire. — His Weak Reign. — His Sons. — Bernard's Revolt. — His Punishment and Death. — Louis le Debonnaire's Remorse. — His Second Marriage. — His Son Charles the Bald.— Revolt of His Other Sons. — Their Triumph and Insolence. — Their Father's .Actions Produce a Second Rebellion. — They are Aided by the Pope. — The Loyal Bishops of France. — Louis le Debonnaire's Ilumiliatiug Surrender. — His Dethronement. — Bishop Ebbo's Iniquitous Scheme. — Louis le Debonnaire's Forced Penance and Written Confession. — His Imprison- ment.— Louis le Debonnaire Restored by a Popular Revolution. — His Imbecility and Subser\-iency to the Pope. — New Division of His Dominions. — Re- volt of his Son Louis. — Death of Louis le Debon- naire.— Quarrels of his Sons. — Battle of Fontenay. — Partition Treaty of Verdun.

SECTION XIV.

The New C.\ri.ovingi.\x Kingdoms, . 1452-1463 Kingdoms of Italy, Germany and France. — Lor- raine, Burgundy and Provence. — Weakness of the Carlo\-ingian Kings of France, Germany and Italy. — Ravages of the Northmen. — Extent of Lo- thaire's Kingdom of Italy, Burgundy and Lorraine. — Germany under Louis the German. — France under Charles the Bald. — Languagesof the Various Carlo\4ngian Kingdoms. — The Saracens in Sicily and Southern Italy. — Defense of Rome by Pope Leo IV. — The Leonine City. — Lothaire's Death. — His Sous and Successors'. — League .Against the Saracens in Southern Italy. — Capture of Bari. — Re\^val of the Greek Power in Southern Italy. — Continued Ravages of the Northmen in Germany. — Louis the German's Wars with the -Slavonians and with Charles the Bald of France. — France under Charles the Bald. — Distracted Condition of the Kingdom. — Ravages of the Northmen. — Their First Capture and Plunder of Paris. — Their Second Capture of Paris and Massacre of the Inhabitants. — Their Third .Attack on Paris and Repulse. — Suf- fering of France from the Ravages of the North-

VUl

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

men. — Lothaire II. of Lorraine and Pope Nicholas the Great. — Lorraine Divided between France and Germany. — Charles the Bald's Quarrel with Pope Adrian II. — His Reconciliation with the Pope.— Charles the Bald Crowned Emperor. — War Be- tween Charles the Bald and Louis the German. — ■ Death of Louis the German. — His Sons. — Renewal of the Saracen Ravages in Southern Italy. — Charles the Bald Goes to the Aid of Pope John VIII.— Death of Charles the Bald.— The Pope Forced to Pay Tribute to the Saracens. — Establishment of the Feudal System. — Beginning of the French Nation and Language. — Charles the Fat Becomes Sole King of Germany. — Louis the Stammerer, King of France. — Louis III. and Carloman. — Founding of the Second Kingdom of Burgundy by Boso. — Charles the Fat of Germany Makes Himself King of Italy. — He is also Made King of France. — His Disgraceful Peace with the Northmen. — The Northmen Under Rollo Ravage France and Be- siege Paris. — Brave Defense of Paris by Count Eudes. — Dethronement of Charles the Fat. — Arnulf Elected King of German}'. — Eudes Made King of France. — Italy Contested Between the Dukes of Friuli and Spoleto. — Insanity and Death of Charles the Fat. — Arnulf s Vittor)' Over the Northmen at Louvain. — He Calls in the Aid of the Magyars, or Hungarians. — Their Settlement in the Valleys of the Theiss and the Danube. — Guido, Duke of Spoleto, Becomes King of Italy and Emperor. — Arnulf Crowned Emperor. — Beranger, Duke of Friuli, Makes Himself King of Italy. — Arnulfs Death. — Louis the Child, King of Germany. — Germany Ravaged by the Hungarians. — End of the Carlovingian Dynasty in Germany. — Italy Ravaged by the Hungarians and the Saracens. — Defeat of the Saracens by Pope John XII. — Italy Distracfled by Frequent Revolutions. — France Divided Between Eudes and Charles the Simple. — Charles the Simple Becomes King of k\\ France. — Settlement of the Northmen Under Duke Rollo in Franc •. — Beginning of the Duchy of Normandy. — Weakness and Incapacity of Charles the Simple. — His Dethronement. — Robert Becomes King of France. — His Victory and Death at Soissons. — Duke Rodolph, of Burgundy, Made King of France. ^Captivity and Death of Charles the Simple. — Hugh the Great, Count of Paris. — Louis d'Outre- mer, King of France.— Power of Hugh the Great, Count of Paris. — Civil War Between Louis d'Outre- mer and Hugh the Great.— Captivity and Death of Louis dOutremer. — Lothaire, King of France. — Count Hugh the Great and St. Bruno.— Hugh Capet, Count of Paris.— Lorraine Seized by Otho the Great of Germany. — Lothaire's Invasion of Germany. — Invasion of France by Otho II. of Ger- many.— His Defeat by Lothaire. — Peace. — Louis le Faineant, the Last Carlovingian King of France. — Hugh Capet Elected K ing of I-'rance.— Table of the Carlovingian Sovereigns.

SECTION XV. The Northmen and TiiiiiR Religion, 146.^-1487 Geography of Scandinavia.— Its Two Peninsulas. — The Scandinavians, or Northmen, an Aryan Race. — Ancient Scandinavia. — The Cimbri and Teutons. — The Jutes. — Comjiarison of the Baltic and iMediterrancan Seas. — Tlie ,\ryan Migration to Europe.- Freedom of the North and Civilization of the South of Europe. — Christianity. — The Danes and Normans in Other Parts of Ivuropc. — Old

Northern Ideas Still Retained. — Days of Week.

Legislative Bodies.— Jury Trials.— teutonic Civil- ization Developed in Scandinavia. — Classes of .Scandinavian Society. — Patriarchal Institutions. —

Respe(fl for Women. — Skalds. — Old Norse Lan. guage. — Maritime Hardihood. — Their Raids. — Vi- kings.— Sagas. — Character of a Viking. — Their Highest Ambition. — Feasting. — Kempe. — Hiorolf and Half — Guunar and Regnald. — • Berserker.— Halfdau and Hartben. — Arngrim's Sons. — Begin- ning of the Raids of the Northmen. — Ragnar Lod- brog. — Raids of the Northmen in Germany and France. — Their Settlement